102

OVERVIEW Based on the findings of the assessment, an action plan must be created. What goals and objectives will the organization establish, and what will the organization do as a result of the assessment and feedback? This chapter includes a form to assist practitioners in the process of doing action planning as a collaborative group, relying heavily on the use of the affinity diagram process described in the previous chapter. An overview of implementation options will be included in this chapter to suggest approaches that might be included in action plans.

W

ith the assessment and feedback completed, and with the input of those receiving the feedback, the steering team can now begin the process of deciding what to do in response to the assessment. This step, the Action Planning phase, is shown in Figure 5.1.

A wide range of interventions is available to OD professionals. (An intervention is an activity designed to help achieve the goals and objectives established in the Action Planning phase.) What follows in this chapter is, first, a discussion of a process for separating training needs from other types of OD needs. This will be followed by a description of one approach to creating an action plan, followed by a brief overview of the range of implementation interventions available.

The prehistoric dreamer

Cave paintings

One of the oldest depictions of a dream state is a mural in the complex of caves at Lascaux in southwest France, painted some 18,000 years ago by our European early modern human ancestors (Aubarbier & Binet, 1997).

There we can see depicted a man asleep on the ground, body and arms outstretched, surrounded by a bird perched on a stick, and a mortally wounded bison, a beautiful and powerful creature, with its entrails hanging out, and a spear, broken in two, seeming to connect the hunter and the hunted. On closer inspection we notice the hunter's penile erection directed toward the dying bison, in touching distance of its furry neck. The man and bird, unlike the beast, are drawn in a childlike style, with thin strokes, not dissimilar to Winnicottian squiggles.

From sleep research we know that, apart from rapid eye movement, fast cortical activity, and the absence of muscular tone, penile erections in males and clitoral engorgement in females are prime biological signifiers of the state of dreaming. And birds, in prehistoric cosmology, represent the immaterial nature of the soul. So it seems that the hunter's soul has left his body to roam freely through time and space, driven by his desire to kill this formidable beast. The scene set on the wall is a dream, not an actual depiction of hunting. It describes the hunter's wish to make a kill in his next hunt. His dream thinking is concerned with a successful hunt, and a union with the hunted, showing a reverential attitude towards the beast that is sustaining life.

XXXV

This fire, which burns me fiercely and consumes,

Illuminates her face with lights that freeze;

I find a strength in two frail, graceful arms

Which move great weights though they stay motionless.

Matchless spirit! I only understand

That you, so full of life, can yet cause death,

That you, unfettered, yet can bind me with

Chains; you, my only hope, can still offend.

How can it be, my Lord, that beauty has

Such opposite effects, that harm can spring

From one who has no wish to wound or hurt?

Where is my happy life and everything

That had the power to satisfy? She is

Like sun which heats though it is cold at heart.

XXXVI

If the immortal longing which inspires

The thoughts of others can coax my desires,

Perhaps this longing may, in the same fashion,

Give to the tyrant lord of love compassion.

But since the heavenly ordinance disposes

A short life for the flesh, long for the soul,

Sense in itself never quite discloses

Those qualities which are invisible.

Oh then, alas, how can a love that’s chaste

(Such as burns now so strongly within me),

Gary A. Anderson

For both Jews and Christians, the book of Psalms has been a staple for prayer. Countless persons recite them on a daily basis, and many have committed large portions of this book, if not its entirety, to memory. Yet for all its attractions to one inclined toward prayer, the book of Psalms is not without its difficulties. Chief among these difficulties are the so-called imprecatory psalms, those psalms that take a somewhat morbid delight in hurling verbal curses upon one’s enemies. In the Catholic Church, the Liturgy of the Hours has constituted the means for daily recitation of the Psalms.¹ This tradition of Divine Service is as old as Christian monastic devotion itself. In our own day, the imprecatory portions of the Psalms are no longer required reading for priests and monastics who are obliged to pray this office daily. As concerns the practice of the religious life, they have been removed from the record.

And who could blame these reformers for editing out these troublesome texts? Who is it, even among the most traditionally minded, who takes delight in urging divine retribution on one’s enemies? “O God, smash their teeth in their mouths; shatter the fangs of the lions,” our Psalmist exhorts (58:7). If this is not sufficiently repellent, consider Ps 137, the rather well-known psalm about the destruction of Jerusalem. Its opening lines of lamentation—“By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept, as we gave thought to Zion”—have struck a sympathetic chord in the ears of many. But its closing lines have evoked no such sympathy: “a blessing on him who repays you in kind for what you have inflicted on us; a blessing on him who seizes your babies and dashes them against the rocks.” If these wishes for destruction are not a sufficient evil, consider the fact that the Psalmist will also, on occasion, implore God that he might be a witness to the desired acts of vengeance: “May the righteous rejoice when he sees revenge; may he bathe his feet in the blood of the wicked” (58:11). No shrinking violet, this fellow. Little wonder that nearly all modern commentators have found these texts a stumbling block for prayer.

6

UK Fruit and Vegetable Production

– Impacts of Climate Change and

Opportunities for Adaptation

Rosemary Collier1 and Mark A. Else2

1Warwick

Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of

Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK; 2East Malling Research, East

Malling, Kent, UK

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fruit Production

Outdoor horticultural crops grown in the

UK are particularly sensitive to changes in climate due to the impact of increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and increased frequency of extreme events

(Knox et al., 2010a). It is clear that climate change will offer both opportunities and threats to UK horticultural production

(Knox et al., 2010b). The complex interactions between the variables make accurate predictions of the effects of climate change on agricultural and horticultural production notoriously difficult, and recent predictions in the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment

(CCRA) published in January 2012 (CCRA,

2012) have stimulated much debate (e.g.

Knox and Wade, 2012; Semenov et al., 2012).

6 

Semi-automatic Content Analysis of Trip Diaries: Pull Factors to Catalonia

Estela Marine-Roig1* and Salvador Anton Clavé2

University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain; 2Rovira i Virgili University,Vila-seca,Spain

1

6.1 Introduction

Gardiner et al. (2013) suggest that future research on travel decision making should be done with a greater involvement of narrative-based approaches, including storytelling.

Dann (2014) states that the motivation for travelling studied from tourist narratives should employ personal information such as interviews and diaries; ‘when the data are content analysed, categories emerge that are uniquely founded on the ipsissima verba of the subjects’

(p. 49). Uysal et al. (2008) include destination attributes and formed destination images as pull factors in the push–pull model of tourism motivations.

Online trip diaries have yet to be used as sources to analyse tourist motivations related to the attraction factors or attributes of a destination once the experience has already taken place and as the tourists themselves have expressed it. Travel blogs and online travel reviews (OTRs), as spontaneous user-generated content (UGC) are a reliable source of information to do so and to learn about perceived destination image (Marine-Roig, 2015).

6

101 Tips for Telecommuters

1

Assess Yourself for

Telecommuting Success

Telecommuting is not for everyone:

• You can get lonely and miss being with people every day.

• You may feel isolated and invisible.

• You might lose sight of goals and not feel motivated.

• You could detest some of the mundane aspects of working from home.

• You might experience more conflict with your family.

And it’s not easy:

• You may find yourself working more hours than before you telecommuted.

• You could be frustrated by the hassles of technology when it fails.

• You can run into problems with co-workers who resent your telecommuting.

• You might experience breakdowns in communication with your boss or your team.

• You could find yourself spending more time than you imagined serving as your own maintenance person, computer technician, electrician, office designer, furniture mover, and filing clerk.

But the rewards are tremendous! As other telecommuters will tell you:

• “I’m so much more productive than when I commuted to the office everyday.”

In exile, facing the painful reality of being Jews and no longer being Spaniards, the Sepharadim chose to continue to be Jews and Spaniards at the same time.

Samuel Armistead and Joseph Silverman, En torno al Romancero sefardí

Sephardic authors in the generation following the expulsion gave voice to a new layer of diasporic consciousness, of being in diaspora from Spain. Ibn Verga’s work couches this consciousness in a Sephardic humanist voice, building on and reacting to the humanist historiography of Spain and Italy, creating a diasporic counterhistory to that of the official chronicler of the Spanish royalty. Joseph Karo’s project, while patently spiritual and not concerned with temporal history, still demonstrates a familiarity with the current belief that human agency was now a factor one must take into account when discussing the sweep of human history, even when the parameters of that history are determined by God. Both adapted the intellectual practices of the dominant culture into specifically Jewish intellectual traditions. Ibn Verga, more than Karo, deliberately repackages Spanish culture as Sephardic culture, writing as he does from outside the Spanish imperium and in a literary language that had a rapidly shrinking audience on the Iberian Peninsula itself.

8

Greetings

PURPOSE

To emphasize the importance of the telephone greeting message you leave on your answering machine or voice mail box (VMX).

DESCRIPTION

The topic of recorded telephone greetings that participants might leave on their answering machines or VMXs is reviewed. Participants are asked to develop new greetings as part of the activity and critique one another’s greetings.

TIME

40 minutes

RESOURCES

Handouts 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3; pencils for each participant; and an audio cassette recorder

PRESENTATION

1. Begin the activity with a discussion concerning the increasing use of telephone answering machines and voice mailbox systems and ask participants to share their experiences with this popular technology.

2. After participants have had a chance to exchange “war stories” about their experiences and frustrations with answering machines in our electronically programmed world today, present Handout 8.1

3. Review with participants Handout 8.2, Getting the Message, which lists suggestions for creating more effective recorded telephone greetings.

D

o you know the actual price of your prescription? If you are like many Americans, you are not paying the full amount. Over the past ten years, there has been a shift in the payment of prescription drugs. Many insurance programs now offer drug coverage, charging you only a small portion of the overall price. There is even a government Medigap program that allows Medicare recipients to buy into health plans that help pay for prescription drugs. But even with insurance, the co-pay is higher for a brand-name drug than for a generic. And the co-pay for these programs is rising.

The price of your prescription, no matter who pays, comes from two different base costs. First is the pharmacy charge for processing your prescription, and second is the actual cost of the drug. Neither of these costs is standardized from pharmacy to pharmacy nor between drugs at the same pharmacy. Understanding more about prescription pricing may provide clues to saving money.

INSURANCE CO-PAY

Insurance companies generally have a two-tiered co-pay for prescription drugs. One price applies to brand-name drugs and a lower price applies to generic drugs. Insurance companies compile a list of drugs, called a formulary, that identifies both generic and brand-name drugs by manufacturer and gives their associated co-pay. If a drug is not included on the list, it will not be paid for by insurance. Be aware that insurance programs may not offer coverage for all prescription drugs on the market. In some cases, the insurance drug list may limit the doctors ability to prescribe the drug of choice. If there are multiple drugs in a single category that are used to treat the same condition, the insurance company may only pay for one of the drugs. The identification of only one drug in a category is called therapeutic substitution.

The Importance of Whole Foods

To build your best body ever, it takes a combination of proper nutrition, training, and supplementation, with nutrition being the most important of the three. Athletes need to make sure that healthy food is the base of their program. Remember, supplements are exactly what their name implies, a supplement to a good eating program. Healthy nutrition comes first, then you can incorporate sports supplements. Whole foods provide protein, carbohydrates (including sugar and fiber), and fat (including saturated, unsaturated, and essential fatty acids).

Protein

Protein is one of the key macronutrients, along with carbohydrates and fats. It is the building block of muscle and amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Protein provides 4 calories per gram. There are essential amino acids, ones you must get from the diet because your body cannot produce them (tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine), and non-essential amino acids (such as tyrosine, glycine, cysteine, proline, serine, and aspartic acid).

Literary history is a testament to dialog between writer and audience. From early times to the fifteenth century, manuscripts were often presented orally and literature was heard as much as it was seen. Cicero, the lion of ancient discourse, published exclusively in the language of friendship and forum: oratory, letter, and dialog. His penchant for personal revelation and reciprocal discourse would, centuries later, become thematic in Italian humanism. Renaissance humanists published orations, dialogs, and letters ad infinitum; Petrarch, their champion, wrote letters not only to friends but to the past and the future.

The sense of literature as a reciprocal transaction suffused itself into longer works. Machiavelli’s mighty Prince was an extended handwritten letter, described as a “gift” and probably presented to its recipient (Lorenzo of Florence) in person. Boccaccio’s Decameron advertises his physical charms and ends with the indecent proposal that his female readers should, if pleased by the text, “remember” him.

GIUSEPPE RAVIOLA

THE PHENOMENON OF the demoralization and burnout of health care professionals practicing in environments characterized by significant lack of resources and high numbers of patients with HIV/AIDS constitutes a major crisis for African medicine, its practitioners, and the patients they treat. This chapter presents a biosocial perspective on issues of medical professionalism and health care professionals’ distress and demoralization, both globally and in sub-Saharan Africa. That is, it seeks to examine such issues beyond the biological and clinical spheres, taking into consideration the social, political, and economic aspects of medicine as it is practiced in global and local contexts (Walton, Farmer, and Dillingham 2011). A stream of ethnographic research spanning the past decade, supplemented by research from other African medical milieus, has examined the moral and ethical dilemmas of public medical practice in East African teaching hospitals, illustrating the complexity of factors affecting health care workers’ well-being in African contexts (Good et al. 1999; Iliffe 1998 and 2006; Raviola et al. 2002).

CHAPTER ONE

Winnicott today

I

n France there is a deep misunderstanding of Donald W. Winnicott.

He is well known, in fact extremely well known, but at the same time not completely understood. His work was met with considerable interest in the 1970s, due to the success of the concept of the transitional object. But this success fell flat, not without some damage. Flat is the word, since his ideas were completely squashed. For the most part, his work was either politely ignored, or considered banal, uninteresting, and meaningless. Winnicott today is referred to even by those not hostile to his ideas as “the nice man who has worked on the mother– baby relationship, and with children, and who says that he does not need to call on the death instinct theory in his work.”

And so it was for many years, and then things changed. At the moment, Winnicott is back in fashion. His ideas are being taken up by psychoanalysts from different schools of thought, and he seems to be approved of unanimously by these different trends, which in turn poses numerous questions. Personally, I feel that most of the time his work is the object of a misunderstanding. He is forever being quoted, several of his concepts are taken up as slogans, and at the same time, it is not sure that we fully estimate the upheaval that he has brought to

1

The period 1919 to 1934 may be considered as the first phase of Melanie Klein’s development. What is its importance in relation to the whole of her work? She had in those years discovered and described the complexities of the early pre-genital Oedipus complex and the origins and evolution of the superego, tracing it also to pre-genital roots. She had discovered the importance of splitting, projection and introjection, and had described with great detail and accuracy the gradual building up of the child’s internal world. She had understood the importance of the oral phase and its lasting influence on later development, and also the importance of the psychotic anxieties which underlie the childhood neuroses.

Klein’s views about anxiety, to which she always paid a great deal of attention, evolved as her work progressed. In her early papers she followed Freud in assuming that the child’s principal anxiety always concerns castration, but increasingly she came to view it as a fear of a persecutory attack by parents who have themselves been attacked by the child in phantasy, particularly in relation to the primal scene; castration anxiety is one manifestation of this more general fear. She relates anxiety to fear of retaliation. In 1933 in her paper ‘The Early Development of Conscience in the Child’1 she states clearly that persecutory anxiety is due to the child’s projections of his own destructive impulses. At that time Freud, in the course of reformulating his ideas about anxiety, also attributed a much greater role to the operation of aggression and the death instinct than he had done in his earlier work.2