In the 1960s Nairobi began to take on the aspect of a big city; the population’s annual growth rate was 7.9% from 1948 to 1962, 5.8% from 1962 to 1969 and 5% from 1969 to 1979. In 1990 the population was pushing two million, with a projection that by the year 2000 25% of Kenya’s population would be urbanized. Despite punitive population density, the supply of legal housing grew, if anything, at a slower rate than in the latter years of colonialism. From 1964 to 1971 urban land values inflated by 300% in Nairobi. In 1972 there was a shortfall of about 60,000 housing units, while by one estimate over 70% of families could not afford even the cheapest two room conventional housing. In 1977 there were 30,000 names on a waiting list for 1000 NCC public housing units. The city government came under stricter central government control, and very little money was allotted for the maintenance of infrastructure and services. But immigration continued, with an increasing proportion of women joining the stream, many of whom took up trade as an occupation.² In 1973-74 the female migration rate to Nairobi was twice that of men. From 1973 to 1982 the Central Bureau of Statistics estimated that the informal sector in Nairobi grew from employing 41,415 persons to 172,214, more than a 400% increase, and by 1987 it was thought to be generating employment at a rate three times faster than the formal sector. In 1984 the NCC estimate of 30,000 hawkers in Nairobi was regarded as too low by the press, who added another 15,000 to it.³ There were also the perpetual migrants; the insecurity of life in Nairobi, heightened by ongoing squatter settlement clearances carried out by authorities, confirmed for many women the wisdom of living elsewhere and trading to Nairobi, a commute facilitated by better transportation.

With its vision guiding the agency over the next ten years, Carpenter Insurance tripled in size. The agency built a larger, beautiful building, opened offices in two other states, and developed a national reputation within the insurance industry. It was featured in several books, articles, and documentaries on topics such as companies that have sustained great results and the best companies to work for.

As the agency grew, Marsha was appointed CFO and became a trusted advisor and confidant to Jim. Although it was a larger company and more complex in many ways, the vision continued to guide Carpenter, and the agency was able to maintain the culture by ensuring the values were lived. The performance review system included an evaluation not only of business results but also of the managers ability to communicate effectively, develop a strong team, work collaboratively across department lines, and resolve conflict effectively. No one was promoted unless their behaviors were aligned with the companys values.

Hermine Hug-Hellmuth

Hermine Hug-Hellmuth (1871–1924) fue una psicoanalista austríaca considerada la primera psicoanalista de niños en Viena. Fue la segunda hija de Hugo Hug von Hugenstein, quien sirvió en la Guerra de Austria como oficial militar y civil. Su madre, Ludovika Achelpohl, era una mujer muy culta que educó a Hermine en su casa; sufrió tuberculosis y murió cuando Hermine tenía doce años. Después de la muerte de su madre, Hermine asistió a la escuela pública y se graduó como maestra. Enseñó en escuelas públicas y privadas antes de entrar en la Universidad de Viena en 1897, donde estudió ciencias físicas y donde obtuvo su doctorado en física en 1909.

Empezó a interesarse por el psicoanálisis y comenzó su propio tratamiento psicoanalítico con el analista vienés Isidor Sadger. Su interés por la teoría psicoanalítica creció, y decidió aplicar la nueva teoría en niños con problemas. En 1910, eligió centrarse en el campo del psicoanálisis de niños y renunció a su posición de maestra. Al año siguiente, Hermine publicó su primer artículo sobre psicoanálisis, “El análisis de un sueño de un niño de cinco años”, y en 1913 publicó “La naturaleza del alma del niño”. Ese mismo año fue aceptada como miembro del Grupo de los Miércoles, que tiempo más tarde se convertiría en la Sociedad de Viena. Fue una de las tres mujeres aceptadas como miembros de la Asociación Psicoanalítica de Viena. Las otras dos mujeres fueron Margarete Hilferding (1871–1942) y Sabina Spielrein (1885–1941). Freud respetaba las ideas de Hermine y sus contribuciones psicoanalíticas y le otorgó la posición oficial de representante del psicoanálisis de niños.

We refer in this chapter to parents rather than caregivers in general, as we did in previous chapters, because parents have an emotional investment in their child different from and more complex than that of any other caregiver, no matter how strong another caregiver's attachment to the child might be. Parents, as a rule, perceive their offspring, to some extent, as extensions of their “Selves”. That perception may be very dominant or slight, conscious or not, but it is hardly ever absent. As a result, some of the narcissistic investment directed toward the Self binds to the person of the child. Therefore, a parent projects his or her narcissistic aspirations on the child, often hoping the child will succeed where the parent has failed. Another, not unusual, narcissistic need of the parents is for the child to serve as “proof” that the parents are “good” and competent in their roles, consonant with their perception of “good” parenting and with the expectations of the society. The criteria for “good” parenting vary across cultures. For instance, in European societies of the nineteenth century, the child, in order to demonstrate parental competence, had to be healthy and well fed, preferably plump (in Yiddish the word for “healthy” also means “fat”), and well behaved when older. Today, a fat child is more oftenthan not a sign of parental disregard for a healthy diet. With the advent of child development studies in the last century, the child of competent parents is supposed to be intelligent and, in some circles, happy most of the time. The school system still mostly wants well-behaved children (the schools call it “motivated”), and not all teachers value critical inquisitiveness or vivaciousness. All this taken together imposes rather arduous demands on any parent, and it becomes a mission almost impossible when the innate abilities of the child simply do not fit such goals.

KEY QUESTIONS

•  What actions in your previous leadership experience have fostered development of effective collaborative planning teams? How will you use that experience to lead schoolwide inquiry around the CCSS?

•  What is your vision for implementing the CCSS ELA with teachers in your school? What first steps do you plan for developing and communicating the vision?

•  What aspects of the school culture will contribute to success in implementing the CCSS ELA? What aspects of that culture do you think will be obstacles to success?

•  What do you think is the biggest challenge you face in leading schoolwide inquiry around the CCSS ELA?

Teachers at an elementary school are accustomed to meeting regularly as a faculty. Their former principal led them in reviewing and discussing student data and directed grade-level teams to develop common assessments as a means of monitoring student progress. Three consecutive years of lackluster results left teachers and the school district disappointed with the absence of return on the time and energy invested. According to fifth-grade teacher Theresa Hughes, “I am frustrated by the fact that I was collaborating and planning with colleagues, monitoring student progress, and developing interventions for students who struggled, but we observed no notable progress.” She then qualifies her statement, “To be honest, I can remember when our meetings included the principal’s announcements and directives. Too often, we were left with little time for collaboration or professional development, and so we struggled to understand our data. We were probably shooting in the dark when it came to our instructional responses and interventions. In fact, we never really had the time to unpack our state standards together and develop curriculum in an informed way. It’s difficult to admit, but our cursory understanding of the standards probably resulted in mediocre first teaching. We were always running to catch up and relying on after-the-fact intervention to fill in the gaps.”

Flamenco dancer in Sevilla.

Much of what the world imagines as Spain is, in fact, Andalucía. It was the cradle of flamenco, the stomping grounds of the amorous Don Juan, and the tragic setting for Carmen. It’s the region where bulls are bred and matadors are more famous than rock stars. Nothing in Andalucía is done halfway. The flowers are brighter and the music is both more melancholy and more joyful. Although Andalucía is often a stand-in for Spain in the popular imagination, it was, in fact, the last stronghold of the Moors, who held al-Andalus for over 7 centuries. Consequently, Andalucía shines with all the medieval Muslim glories of Europe: the world-famous Mezquita (mosque) of Córdoba, the Alhambra Palace of Granada, and (in their own way as Christian-Muslim hybrids) Sevilla’s imposing Alcázar and looming Gothic cathedral. Its smaller towns can be haunting in their beauty: the whitewashed mountain villages, the Renaissance grace of Ubeda, the drama of gorge-split Ronda, the languor of sherry-besotted Jerez de la Frontera, and the brilliance of gleaming Cádiz. Spend a week or a month, and you’ll have only skimmed the surface.

5

The weird and wonderful

Although we gain most of our calories from a remarkably short list of species, our spice-racks, and medicinal and recreational drug cabinets in contrast are stuffed with the plants that are rich in an amazing diversity of chemicals. This chapter describes a range of the more unusual plants that we consume and tries to answer: why are we repeatedly drawn to minor crops that burn our lips and befuddle our brains?

It can be argued that all plants with the exception of grasses can be considered to be poisonous. The cells of plants contain a vast array of weird and wonderful chemicals. The biological function of many of these within these plants remains uncertain. However, once inside the human body these compounds may act as powerful drugs, potentially enhancing our health by mopping up cancer causing reagents, or they may help kill disease-causing microorganisms. Alternatively nature’s apothecary may impair our well-being. Plants may cause our demise by rapid poisoning, or slowly cause our death over decades. Other chemicals derived from plants cause allergies, intense burning sensations and befuddle our minds.

CHAPTER SEVEN

The ethical seduction of the analytic situation

aplanche (1999a) sums up his project thus: “It consists in bringing that which is foundational in the practice of psychoanalysis into relation with the foundational process of the human being insofar as this is characterised by the creation of an unconscious”

(p. 84). Further on, he adds, “The unconscious . . . is the other thing

[das Andere] in me, the repressed residue of the other person [der

Andere]. It affects me, as the other person affected me long ago”

(p. 108). For Stein (1986), what is “primal” is “the present or the actuality of the analytic situation” (cited in Laplanche, 1987, p. 157). But

Laplanche insists on the effective power of the infantile primal situation, the primal not being essentially that which comes first, but that which is fundamental. Hence, there is nothing surprising about the hypothesis that the primal dimension is present in every beginning, and that a situation such as the offer of analysis brings this primal experience into play once again in its very essence. For me, the effective power of the infantile primal situation and the process of

The true strength of rulers and empires lies … in the belief of men
that they are inflexibly open, truthful, and legal. As soon as government
departs from that standard, it ceases to be anything more than
“the gang in possession” and its days are numbered.

—H. G. Wells

They that reverence too much the old times are but a scorn to the new.

—Sir Francis Bacon

How could you treat people who performed a miracle of communications with a piece of string and a dirty coffee cup and proved the validity of a new design by counterfeiting their own cards as though they were no more than “human resources?” You couldn’t and we didn’t.

The greatest delight from all my days leading Visa were open staff meetings, from which we never wavered.Within a day after every board meeting, staff meetings were held to include every employee of the company at every level including the newest. They were conducted by the most senior person present.At the meeting, every decision of the board was fully disclosed. Every employee was free to ask any question about the decisions, or anything else of concern to them. Their questions were answered fully. “That’s confidential” was not considered an answer. “I don’t know but I will find out and tell you at the next meeting” was permissible, but only if the promise was faithfully kept. All I ever said to them of a cautionary nature was, “You realize that some things you will learn could be detrimental to our purpose if they were bandied about publicly or prematurely leaked to the press. However, until we are consistently proved wrong, we will do our best to behave in accordance with the belief that mutual respect and trust is the strongest bond among people, and can be relied upon. I hope to earn your trust and respect and you shall certainly have mine.”

Denise Gimenez Ramos

Jungian thought and the clinical tradition of Analytical Psychology have been present in Brazil since the country's first psychology courses were taught in the early 1950s. Initially Analytical Psychology appeared sporadically in university psychology training through course programs such as Studies on Personality and Theories and Psychotherapy Techniques. Over time, Jungian psychology secured its place within academia, beginning with areas of teaching from group study and basic university training to today's post-graduate courses in various research fields.

One of the pioneers responsible for this growth was Dr Nise da Silveira (1905-1999), a Brazilian psychiatrist who had a major influence on everyone in the domestic field who followed this path. Unhappy with the Cartesian and biomedical view, as well as the classical methods for treating mental illnesses (which included elec-troshock, insulin shock therapy, lobotomies, and so on), in the early 1930s she began questioning traditional psychiatric practices. In daily sessions with psychiatry patients at Dom Pedro II Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, she adopted a non-orthodox stance on mental health treatment. The image of a doctor committed to working with psychiatric patients, and completely in harmony with human suffering, forms a backbone of the Brazilian Jungian movement and expresses the spirit of battling mental illness in this country.

In the late fall of 1968, Jim McClellan and a friend from the Central rode the train together to Washington for interviews at the Federal Railroad Administration. The FRA administrator, who had been a protégé of Alfred Perlman at the Central and the Rio Grande, wanted one of them to come to FRA on a new exchange program that he was setting up. He selected McClellan, who left behind at Penn Central a memo to Perlman. Even if he hadn’t paid much attention to the financials, McClellan was beginning to see with ominous clarity that the chaos and fighting were putting the railroad on a track to disaster. Accordingly, he sent the warning that Penn Central would not make it if nothing were done to change things. Perlman could be surprisingly tolerant of such ideas, but others in the top ranks of Penn Central could not, and immediately it became clear that McClellan’s appointment at FRA was not temporary, because Penn Central was not going to let him come back. It didn’t seem that way at the time, but nothing could have been more to McClellan’s advantage.

Chapter 7

Cattle Brand Inspectors

Introduction

Societies as far back as the ancient Egyptians practiced the branding of animals.¹ The brand is essentially a label denoting ownership, rather like a serial number on a laptop.

An array of laws and rules developed around the branding of animals to ensure proper branding, use of different brands by different people, transfer of ownership for a branded animal, etc. Regulating and enforcing these laws now falls to the Cattle Brand Inspectors, licensed peace officers with expertise in livestock.

History of the Position

A brand registry became the most convenient way of ensuring each person, ranch, or company used a separate brand. In the United States, the earliest brand registry still in existence is from Richmond County, St. George, Staten Island, New York. The registry includes brands, court cases, road surveys, and other municipal information. Although the earliest brands in this registry are not dated, they appear to come from 1678.²

Szilvia Peremiczky

Religion, history, race, ethnicity, nationality, social memory, socialization: these are the explosive ingredients of every form of Jew-hatred, the crazed obsession that forms an all-pervasive psychopathology in Eastern and Central Europe. The virulent grassroots antisemitism rife across the whole region combines traditional Christian Judeophobia with ethnic and nationalist¹ racial hatred of the Jew. Contemporary Hungary and Romania both fit squarely into this regional picture.² History in this region is particularly important as the root cause and driver of contemporary manifestations of grassroots antisemitism: it is conspicuously present in contemporary public discourse and obsessively engages the public mind in sterile blame games, which in Hungary, in particular, become an all-pervasive culture of grievance and ressentiment, an overwhelming sense of having been treated badly by the world, and particularly by “the Jews.”

The twentieth century was indeed not kind to Hungary—as it certainly had been to Romania—for early in the century Hungary had suffered grievous losses of territory, population, and regional status. As a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920), Hungary became landlocked. It lost two-thirds of its former territory and one-third of its non-Jewish Hungarian population to the surrounding successor states to the Habsburg Empire. Trianon cost the country much of its agricultural base, its mining industry, its perimeter railway system, the Croatian seaports, as well as its status as a serious player in the Great Game of Europe and as the dominant power in the Carpathian Basin. Above all, the Treaty meant the painful loss of millions of Hungarians to the successor states and the relinquishing of many country towns that were 100 percent Hungarian. Romania, on the other hand, emerged as the clear winner in the post-World War. With one great reordering of the geopolitics of the region, along with the annexation of Transylvania, Romania walked away with the jackpot in the Balkan sweepstakes. It may well be said that Hungary’s agony has been Romania’s triumph.³

(1971)

From the context of the pressures of working in a clinic (and other realities of life), the author evaluates both disadvantages and potential advantages of less intensive therapy with children— many aspects of which apply also to work with adults. This leads to more general considerations: the rhythm of work; the potential for learning for the therapist; the anxieties aroused and defences employed; the place of teamwork; the selection of cases; the goals which are realistically possible by comparison with more intensive therapy; technical matters such as alternative modes of communication to transference interpretation; the roles of observation, family history and theory; and the balancing of personal learning with social obligations.

This brief paper reintroduces a topic which was the focus of the Association’s very first study weekend eleven years ago: one with which those of us who work in clinics are continually occupied, and about which after those years of experience we may be in a better position to ask the relevant questions, and to make a few tentative generalizations.

Borderline structures and perverse defences

I should like here to develop some ideas which I have already touched upon in connection with the distinction between perverse-compulsive sexuality and structured perversions.

It is well known that fear and terror, the legacy of infantile impotence, can be used as a source of excitation.

A characteristic feature of many borderline patients is the curious mixture of anxiety, terror and sexual excitation they deploy in order to confront the sense of persecution and the fear of annihilation. In borderline pathology—the borderline being that between the neuroses and the psychoses—the patient has never succeeded in overcoming the persecutory and annihilation anxieties of earliest infancy; he has not had the help of an object capable of assisting him in this task. In these patients, terrifying fantasies, together with the reading of certain kinds of books or the viewing of horror films, often serve as a means of tackling persecutory anxieties or constitute an attempt to overcome or treat them. The anxiety sequences are traversed and contained in excitatory fashion, and as such afford pleasure. The pleasure obtained may be perverse in nature, since it entails a degree of cruel excitation, but does not amount to an actual perversion.1